Towards smarter particle accelerators

For science and society

Adnan Ghribi

GANIL / CNRS

on behalft of ARTIFACT and M4CAST teams

2025-11-12

Content Summary

  1. Introduction - Accelerators and their strategic role
  2. Context & Challenges - Scientific, operational, and regulatory drivers
  3. Community driven effort - Community efforts in Europe and France, projects and cases highlights
  4. Lessons & Roadmap - For the next 5 years

Introduction

What Are Particle Accelerators?

  • Machines that propel charged particles using electromagnetic fields
  • Foundational for nuclear and particle physics, materials science, medical and industrial applications
  • Range from laboratory-scale injectors to multi-kilometre facilities

Why They Matter

More than 50,000 accelerators are used worldwide across various scientific disciplines and industrial sectors.

Scientific

  • Particle and nuclear physics: fundamental interactions and matter structure
  • Archaeology: ion beam analysis for dating and provenance
  • Biology & life sciences: structural biology, protein crystallography
  • Materials science: radiation effects, defect engineering

Technological

  • Radiation hardening: testing electronics for space and nuclear environments
  • Semiconductor manufacturing: ion implantation
  • Innovation drivers: advanced detectors, control systems, AI/ML applications

Societal

  • Medical therapy: cancer treatment, isotope production
  • Industrial applications: sterilization, material processing, security scanning

Operational Complexity

  • Thousands of interdependent devices (magnets, RF, vacuum, sensors)
  • Tight real-time control with safety and stability constraints
  • Rich but fragmented data ecosystems (TANGO, EPICS, OPC-UA, logs)
  • Human-intensive tuning and diagnosis -> limited scalability

-> AI provides new levers for automation, prediction, and capture of expertise

Context & Challenges

Why AI for Accelerators?

  • Complex, nonlinear systems -> model limitations
  • Vast sensor and simulation data -> under-exploited knowledge
  • Need for faster commissioning, real-time diagnostics, energy efficiency

AI enables: - Predictive rather than reactive operation - Learning from experiments and simulations - Assisted decision-making for human operators

Different accelerators, different needs, …

Mature AI Tools in Operation

Badger / Xopt

  • Bayesian optimization platforms
  • Deployed at SLAC, DESY, ANL
  • Multi-objective beam tuning
  • Neural network surrogates (Xopt)

GEOFF

  • Genetic algorithms & RL (CERN/GSI)
  • Web-based beam tuning interface

Virtual Diagnostics

  • Virtual BPMs & emittance monitors
  • Deployed at LCLS, European XFEL

Anomaly Detection

  • Predictive maintenance & fault detection
  • Live at CERN, DESY, SLAC

Key success: Control system integration, operator trust, robustness validation

Research Trend & Literature Landscape1

Constraints & Barriers

Challenge Description
Data FAIR data governance, traceability, interoperability
Models Frugal models, uncertainty quantification, robustness
Control Real-time latency (sub-ms to s), legacy systems integration
Sustain. Energy-aware operation, impact reduction
Training Knowledge transfer, cross-facility expertise
Policy Explainability, AI Act compliance, certification

Community driven efforts

EU : ARTIFACT | the network

41 partners, 14 countries

EU : ARTIFACT | Coordinated efforts

EU : ARTIFACT | SCIANCE

SCIANCE - Facilitated cooperation for AI in Science

Call: HORIZON-CL4-INDUSTRY-2025-01-DIGITAL-62 | Lead: ESF | Funding: €3M | Status: Funded
Coordination and Support Action (CSA)

Overview

EU : ARTIFACT | SCIANCE

SCIANCE - Facilitated cooperation for AI in Science

Call: HORIZON-CL4-INDUSTRY-2025-01-DIGITAL-62 | Lead: ESF | Funding: €3M | Status: Funded

Pilot Areas

EU : ARTIFACT | IRIS

IRIS - Intelligent Research Infrastructures for Sustainability

Call: HORIZON-INFRA-2025-01-TECH-01 | Lead: CERN | Funding: 3 M€ | Status: Submitted

Objectives

  • Reduce environmental impact across European research facilities
  • Achieve Technology Readiness Levels 6–7
  • Validate on flagship accelerators and observatories

Pilot Areas

  • AI-powered eco-design
  • Operation optimisation
  • Real-time materials characterisation
  • Soil reconstitution

EU : ARTIFACT | IRIS

Highlights

  • EMI Device Fingerprints
    Electromagnetic interference signatures for equipment identification and monitoring
  • Reinforcement learning for accelerator control
    Extended capabilities for autonomous beam optimization
  • AI driven lattice design
    Neural network-based optimization of beam optics

EU : ARTIFACT | TWINRISE

TWINRISE - Trusted AI-Generated Digital Twins for Research Infrastructures

Call: HORIZON-INFRA-2025-01-TECH-04 | Lead: CNRS/GANIL | Funding: 10 M€ | Status: submitted

Objectives

  • Deliver a secure, trustworthy, and reusable platform for AI-generated digital twins
  • Deploy across European Research Infrastructures
  • Ensure reproducibility and transferability

EU : ARTIFACT | TWINRISE

TWINRISE - Trusted AI-Generated Digital Twins for Research Infrastructures

Call: HORIZON-INFRA-2025-01-TECH-04 | Lead: CNRS/GANIL | Funding: 10 M€ | Status: submitted

Pilot Areas

Accelerators

  • Spectrometer twin (GSI/UOX)
  • Energy aware twin (KIT)
  • Resilience twin (GANIL/EDONES)

Medical

  • Proton-therapy dose-sensing (GANIL)
  • MRI→CT neural-translation (CFB)
  • Treatment-optimisation (UNICAEN/CFB)

Transverse

Radiation fields estimation (GANIL/EDONES/ULIV)

EU : ARTIFACT | TWINRISE

Methodology

EU : ARTIFACT | MODULARITY

MODULARITY - Modular Digital Twins and Hybrid AI for Autonomous Accelerator and Robotics Optimization

Call: HORIZON-CL4-2025-03-DIGITAL-EMERGING-07
Lead: CNRS IJCLab | Funding: 40 M€ | Status: submitted

Objectives

  • Set a new standard for trustworthy, efficient, and accessible AI in complex scientific and industrial systems
  • Strategic “cascade funding” uniting accelerator projects, robotics labs, industry and AI labs
  • Build globalized approach and deploy models where needed

EU : ARTIFACT | MODULARITY

MODULARITY - Modular Digital Twins and Hybrid AI for Autonomous Accelerator and Robotics Optimization

Call: HORIZON-CL4-2025-03-DIGITAL-EMERGING-07
Lead: CNRS IJCLab | Funding: 40 M€ | Status: submitted

Pilot Areas

  • Autonomous operation of accelerators via agents-based modular digital twins
  • Autonomous robotics optimization
  • Intermediate agents for global indicators (drifts, anomalies)
  • LLM operator interface connecting optimization with humans

EU : ARTIFACT | MODULARITY

MODULARITY - Modular Digital Twins and Hybrid AI for Autonomous Accelerator and Robotics Optimization

Call: HORIZON-CL4-2025-03-DIGITAL-EMERGING-07
Lead: CNRS IJCLab | Funding: 40 M€ | Status: submitted

Methodology

Orchestration Layer

Top Agent

  • User interface
  • GenAI LLM
  • Meta coordinator
  • Optimisation Nodes

Generative Layer

AI-driven optimization

  • Generative Agents
  • Generative Optimization Maps
  • Information exchange

Ground Layer

Local control

  • Ground Agents
  • DLSM-based LDT
  • Controller nodes

Physical Layer

Hardware level

  • Segments
  • Physical systems
  • Robotic elements

EU : beyond ARTIFACT

EuCAIF

European Collaboration for AI in Fundamental Physics

IUPAP-WG14

International collaboration and knowledge exchange in accelerator science

JENA

JENA (Joint ECFA-NuPECC-APPEC Activities)

MaLAPA

Machine Learning and AI for particle accelerator research (EU, US, Japan)

NUPECC

Strategic guidance for nuclear physics research infrastructure in Europe

TIARA

Access to world-class accelerator test facilities across Europe

LEAPS

League of European Accelerator-based Photon Sources

PaNOSC

Photon and Neutron Open Science Cloud

ESCAPE

European Science Cluster of Astronomy & Particle Physics

EU : beyond ARTIFACT

FR : M4CAST | The network

FR : M4CAST | MLACC

MLACC : Machine Learning For Accelerator

Type : Master Project | Funder : CNRS Nucléaire et Particules

Objectives

  • Trigger community based efforts
  • Support and connect initiatives
  • Connect students through seminars and shared projects
  • Structure and share data
  • Centralise computing and storage needs
  • Organise events and hackathons

FR : M4CAST | MLACC

MLACC : Machine Learning For Accelerator

Type : Master Project | Funder : CNRS Nucléaire et Particules

Highlighs

  • Indigo open collaborative space at CC IN2P3 to share data and benchmarks
  • Prototyping the deployment of a feature store at IJCLab and CC IN2P3

Fig. Collaborative space access. Credit : T. Kachelhoffer

FR : M4CAST | Case studies

Virtual observers and anomalies detection for the SPIRAL2 LINAC

Partners : GANIL | CNRS-LPSC | CEA-DBT

  • Neural networks based virtual observers
    Infering the heat dissipation of SPIRAL2 superconducting cavities with stacked DNN, CNN, LSTM, LSTM attention.

  • Interpretable classification of anomalies
    Low Level RF postmortem for the SPIRAL2 LINAC.

Figure : Prediction error of the standard deviation of SPIRAL2 cavities heat load observers. Credit : C. Lassalle.

FR : M4CAST | Case studies

LINAC Net : surrogate models for ThomX

Partners : CNRS-IJCLab | LISN

  • PointNet inspired architecture for predicting beam parameters and particle clouds applied to ThomX.
  • Physics constraints for increased interpretability.

Figure : Prediction performances of LINACnet on particle cloud for ThomX. Credit : E. Goutiere / H. Guler.

.

FR : M4CAST | Case studies

Super-KEK B BPM anomalies investigation

Partners : CEA-IRFU | LISN

  • Beam profile monitors may contain the necessary information to reconstruct an accelerator model.
  • They also serve as a critical diagnostic for machine monitors1

Figure : BPM anomaly detection workflow for SuperKEK-B. Credit : Q. Bruant, B. Dalena, F. Bugiotti, C. Ndegwa.

FR : M4CAST | Case studies

Surrogate models for plasma laser acceleration

Partners : CNRS-IJCLab | PALLAS

  • Surrogate models (NN, GP, XGB) are trained on PIC simulations to predict key beam properties across plasma–laser parameter space.
  • Enables fast parameter scans and optimisation for the PALLAS laser–plasma injector.

    Figure: Prediction maps of beam parameters using several surrogate modelling approaches (NN, GP, XGB, interpolation) for the PALLAS laser–plasma accelerator. C redit: K. Cassou.

FR : M4CAST | Case studies

Anomalies detection for the ARRONAX accelerator1

Partners : ARRONAX

  • Anomalies detection in time series data for the C70XP ARRONAX cyclotron
  • Hybrid model combining auto-encoders and isolation forest used
  • Initial validation on protons intensities data
  • Ongoing extension to multi-variate time series for different accelerator subsytems

Challenges, priorities and roadmap

Open Challenges & Research Priorities

  • Data standardisation, cross-facility and projects sharing ;
  • Transfer learning and domain adaptation ;
  • Uncertainty quantification and trustworthiness ;
  • Lifecycle management of deployed models and benchmarking ;
  • Certification and regulation of AI systems in control systems ;

Roadmap & Recommendations

Short-term (1-2 y)

  • Community data and feature store
  • Lattice data base
  • Baseline for distributed/segmented pilots

Mid-term (3-5 y)

  • Agentic feature engineering
  • Accelerators foundation models integration to GANIL, KIT and GSI
  • Explainable and physics driven segmentation for surrogate models

Long-term (5+ y)

  • EOSC node integration
  • Agentic operation in pilot facilities integrating digital twins, optimisation and anomalies detection

Call for Collaboration & Next Steps

  • Join M4CAST, MLAcc, ARTIFACT, TwinRISE, IRIS, Modularity and other initiatives for shared datasets and benchmarks ;
  • Contribute to shared architectures ;
  • Co-develop reproducible workflows for control & diagnostics ;

“Let’s build the AI-ready accelerator together.”

References & Resources

  • Ghribi, A., Cassou, K., Dalena, B., Eichler, A., Guler, H., Mistry, A. K., … & Welsch, C. P., Artificial intelligence for advancing particle accelerators, Europhysics News (2025)
  • Edelen, A. L. et al., Opportunities in Machine Learning for Particle Accelerators, arXiv:1811.03172 (2018)
  • The AI/ML for Particle Accelerators Living Review website
  • The ARTIFACT website

Acknowledgments & Q&A

Collaborations: ARTIFACT, M4CAST, MLAcc, IRIS, MODULARITY, TWINRISE, …